Le recenti rilevazioni INVALSI, rese pubbliche non più di una settimana fa nel sito www.invalsi.it, hanno analizzato anche il dato riferito agli allievi con cittadinanza non italiana, differenziati per discipline e aree geografiche. La presenza degli alunni con cittadinanza non italiana, in progressivo aumento negli ultimi anni, è diventato un dato strutturale del nostro sistema scolastico. Gli alunni con cittadinanza non italiana sono quei bambini e ragazzi che frequentano le scuole italiane e, anche se nati in Italia, sono figli di genitori entrambi stranieri. Non sono compresi i figli di coppie miste con un genitore di cittadinanza italiana né tanto meno i bambini nati all’estero e adottati da italiani.
I risultati raccolti dall’INVALSI, oltre a confermare alcune tendenze già acclarate tra gli esperti di politiche scolastiche e di immigrazione, pongono all’attenzione alcuni esiti che consentono una lettura più approfondita dei risultati riferiti a questi allievi. Esiti che non possono essere incoraggianti né per gli allievi né per le scuole. E’ opportuno premettere che i “grandi numeri” di allievi con cittadinanza non italiana, presenti nelle scuole del Nord, incidono sia nella gestione della classe che nelle ordinarie attività didattiche per l’apprendimento dell’italiano e della matematica, così come è segnalato dagli stessi dati INVALSI. Le rilevazioni sono state effettuate nella scuola primaria, in seconda e in quinta, su tutto il territorio nazionale. I risultati delle prove segnalano per gli allievi con cittadinanza non italiana un divario più ampio tra limite inferiore e superiore rispetto ai loro compagni di classe. Il limite inferiore è più basso a fronte di un limite superiore più alto per gli allievi stranieri. Ma non è tutto.
Per quanto riguarda gli apprendimenti in matematica e in italiano, nel Sud sono stati registrati dei distacchi verso il limite superiore di ben 4 punti in percentuale. Questi esiti non possono che porci qualche interrogativo sulle molteplici ragioni alla base di questi risultati; tutte strettamente correlate con la distribuzione differenziata sul territorio nazionale della presenza di alunni con cittadinanza non italiana, ( il 2 per cento al Sud a fronte del 5 per cento al Nord e al centro). Ma non solo. E’ un dato che richiama, comunque, la necessità di allargare il ragionamento anche sui risultati dei ragazzi italiani, in particolare nel Sud d’Italia, dove esiste questo maggiore divario. Lo scarso successo dei ragazzi italiani iscritti nelle scuole è diventata una costante che accompagna, in questi ultimi anni, le rilevazioni delle indagini nazionali e internazionali. Una cosa è certa, la qualità della proposta educativa delle scuole e il loro funzionamento stanno al primo posto in una scala di responsabilità connesse con il successo o l’insuccesso scolastico. Ma il ruolo della famiglia non è da meno.
A fronte di questi risultati è plausibile sostenere che il disagio delle famiglie italiane del Sud ha una ricaduta sui livelli scolastici raggiunti dai loro figli. Ma il disagio riscontrato dalle famiglie migranti non è minore o inesistente. Ha un peso e una rilevanza diversa. E’ evidente come in alcuni gruppi migranti l’attenzione verso la scuola è, oggi, molto forte e ciò contribuisce a determinare valori e comportamenti con ricadute diverse sui risultati scolastici dei propri figli. Non si può trascurare e sottovalutare la portata e l’opportunità di queste analisi se si vuole fare crescere e generalizzare la qualità della scuola in tutto il Paese.
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